一、传感器定义

　　传感器是复杂的设备，经常被用来检测和响应电信号或光信号。传感器将物理参数（例如：温度、血压、湿度、速度等）转换成可以用电测量的信号。我们可以先来解释一下温度的例子，玻璃温度计中的水银使液体膨胀和收缩，从而将测量到的温度转换为可被校准玻璃管上的观察者读取的温度。

　　二、传感器选择标准

　　在选择传感器时，必须考虑某些特性，具体如下：

　　1.准确性

　　2.环境条件——通常对温度/湿度有限制

　　3.范围——传感器的测量极限

　　4.校准——对于大多数测量设备而言必不可少，因为读数会随时间变化

　　5.分辨率——传感器检测到的最小增量

　　6.费用

　　7.重复性——在相同环境下重复测量变化的读数

三、传感器分类标准

　　传感器分为以下标准：

　　1.主要输入数量（被测量者）

　　2.转导原理（利用物理和化学作用）

　　3.材料与技术

　　4.财产

　　5.应用程序

　　转导原理是有效方法所遵循的基本标准。通常，材料和技术标准由开发工程小组选择。

根据属性分类如下：

　　·温度传感器——热敏电阻、热电偶、RTD、IC等。

　　·压力传感器——光纤、真空、弹性液体压力计、LVDT、电子。

　　·流量传感器——电磁、压差、位置位移、热质量等。

　　·液位传感器——压差、超声波射频、雷达、热位移等。

　　·接近和位移传感器——LVDT、光电、电容、磁、超声波。

　　·生物传感器——共振镜、电化学、表面等离子体共振、光寻址电位测量。

　　·图像——电荷耦合器件、CMOS

　　·气体和化学传感器——半导体、红外、电导、电化学。

　　·加速度传感器——陀螺仪、加速度计。

　　·其他——湿度、湿度传感器、速度传感器、质量、倾斜传感器、力、粘度。

1. Sensor definition

Sensors are complex devices that are often used to detect and respond to electrical or optical signals. Sensors convert physical parameters (e.g., temperature, blood pressure, humidity, speed, etc.) into signals that can be measured electrically. We can begin by explaining the example of temperature, where mercury in a glass thermometer causes the liquid to expand and contract, thereby converting the measured temperature into one that can be read by an observer on a calibrated glass tube.

Second, sensor selection criteria

When selecting a sensor, certain characteristics must be considered, specifically as follows:

Step 1: Accuracy

2. Environmental conditions – there are usually limits on temperature/humidity

3. Range – the measurement limit of the sensor

4. Calibration – Essential for most measuring devices, as readings change over time

5. Resolution – the smallest increment detected by the sensor

6. Fees

7. Repeatability – Repeated measurements of changing readings in the same environment

Three, sensor classification standards

Sensors are divided into the following standards:

1. Number of main inputs (measured)

2. Transduction principle (using physical and chemical processes)

3. Materials and technology

Step 4: Property

5. Applications

The principle of transduction is the basic standard followed by the effective method. Typically, material and technical standards are selected by the development engineering team.

The classification according to attributes is as follows:

· Temperature sensors — thermistors, thermocouples, RTDS, ics, etc.

Pressure sensors — optical fiber, vacuum, elastic liquid pressure gauge, LVDT, electronic.

· Flow sensors – electromagnetic, pressure difference, position displacement, thermal mass, etc.

· Liquid level sensors – pressure difference, ultrasonic RF, radar, thermal displacement, etc.

Proximity and displacement sensors – LVDT, photoelectric, capacitive, magnetic, ultrasonic.

· Biosensors – resonance mirror, electrochemistry, surface plasmon resonance, photoaddressing potential measurement.

· Image — charge coupled device, CMOS

Gas and chemical sensors – semiconductor, infrared, conductance, electrochemistry.

· Acceleration sensors — gyroscope, accelerometer.

· Others – humidity, humidity sensor, velocity sensor, mass, tilt sensor, force, viscosity.